Benzene, a fundamental aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C₆H₆, and its derivatives form the bedrock of numerous industrial processes and consumer products. Characterized by its unique ring structure and delocalized pi electrons, benzene serves as a crucial building block in the synthesis of a vast array of organic compounds. Its derivatives, formed by substituting one or more hydrogen atoms with various functional groups, exhibit diverse properties and applications, making them indispensable in modern chemistry.