Battery Management Systems (BMS) play a crucial role in electric and hybrid vehicles by ensuring optimal performance, safety, and longevity of the battery pack. They monitor key parameters like voltage, temperature, and current to prevent overcharging, over-discharging, and thermal runaway. A well-designed BMS balances individual cells, maximizes energy efficiency, and safeguards the vehicle from potential hazards. By improving reliability and extending battery life, BMS technology is essential for advancing the adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles in the transition to sustainable transportation.